Abstract Prolonged exposure to environmental conditions such as ultraviolet radiation, humidity, and temperature, to which carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polymer components are exposed during their service life, can lead to significant changes in mechanical, physical, and chemicals properties, and can often be irreversible, resulting in premature component failure. This study presents the influence of accelerated weathering exposure times (400 h, 800 h, and 1200 h) on the mechanical, thermal, and structural properties of carbon fiber (CF)/polyamide 6 (PA6) laminates. Analyses of composite surfaces were carried out using microscopy and contact angle measurements, which indicated that the factors of exposure to accelerated only affected the surface of the composites, showing signs of the beginning of degradation. The tensile strength (609 MPa ± 10 MPa) and interlaminar shear strength (27 MPa ± 0.9 MPa) did not present significant changes, showing that the reinforcement, the matrix, and the interface remained stable after exposure to accelerated.

Abstract Among the engineering thermoplastics, poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) stands out for its excellent properties and mainly for processing at lower temperatures. The requirements requested by industries can be made by improving mechanical strength, weight reduction, and durable components by reinforcing the PPS matrix with fiberglass (FG) and carbon fiber (CF). This review intends to present the most current research related to the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of PPS and the PPS/FG and PPS/CF composites most currently used by the aerospace, automotive, and energy industries. In addition to presenting the feasibility of mechanical and thermal recycling processes for PPS-based waste to reinsert a high market value thermoplastic into the industrial production cycle, thus contributing to the minimization of waste destined for landfills and incinerated or even improperly disposed of in the environment.

Abstract Polyamide (PA) is a well-known and researched thermoplastic due to its excellent mechanical and physical properties, making it developed in the automotive sector, suitable for lighter vehicles, and, consequently, lower fuel consumption. This review manuscript presents the applications of PA-based materials in the manufacture of vehicle parts, with a description of their processing, a discussion about their thermal properties and the crystallization of polymer structure, the challenges of machining PA-based composite materials, and the feasibility of recyclability. This work aims to revise literature about the use of polyamide 6 (PA6), polyamide 66 (PA66), and polyamide 12 (PA12) and their composites reinforced with fiberglass (FG) and carbon fiber (CF) focused on the potential that these materials have as alternative materials for the automotive industry.

RESUMO O carbono vítreo reticulado (CVR) é um material carbonoso, rico em átomos de carbono ligados por ligações sp2, obtido pelo tratamento térmico (TT) de carbonização (a pelo menos 1000 ºC, sob atmosfera inerte) de resinas termorrígidas. A sua obtenção pode se dar por diferentes metodologias, usualmente pelo uso de um material de sacrifício, que se degrada durante o TT e gera poros de transporte. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes tempos de patamar (2, 8, 12, 24 e 36 h) a 1000 ºC nas características estruturais, morfológicas e condutividade elétrica de amostras de CVR obtidas a partir de uma espuma de poliuretano (PU, material de sacrifício), impregnada com resina furfurílica (PFA). A espuma de PU/PFA foi caracterizada por espectrofotometria de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) e análises termogravimétricas, as amostras de CVR por difração de raios X (DRX), microscopias óptica (MO) e eletrônica de varredura (MEV), e condutividade elétrica por 2 pontas. Os resultados de FT-IR e DRX confirmam a conversão da espuma de PU/PFA no CVR, com um rendimento de ~44%. As análises de DRX também evidenciam mudanças no ordenamento estrutural das amostras de CVR em função dos diferentes tempos de patamar, devido à provável expulsão de heteroátomos ainda presentes na estrutura do referido material carbonoso. As medidas de condutividade elétrica corroboram com essa observação, com um aumento significativo a partir de 8 h de patamar (de 1,71 x 10-1 para 1,17 x 104 S.cm-1), como uma consequência da diminuição de defeitos na estrutura do CVR. As micrografias mostram a estrutura alveolar da espuma de PU/PFA, rica em poros de transporte, que é preservada no CVR, após a carbonização.

ABSTRACT Reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) is a carbon material, rich in carbon atoms linked by sp2 bonds, obtained by the thermal treatment (TT) of carbonization (at least 1000 ºC, under inert atmosphere) of thermoset resins. It can be obtained by different methodologies, usually through the use of sacrifice material, which degrades during TT and generates transport pores. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of different threshold times (2, 8, 12, 24, and 36 h) at 1000 ºC on the structural, morphological, and electrical conductivity characteristics of RVC samples obtained from a polyurethane foam (PU, sacrifice material), impregnated with polyfurfuryl alcohol resin (PFA). The PU/PFA foam was characterized by infrared spectrophotometry with Fourier transform (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analyzes and CVR samples by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrical conductivity by 2 points. The FT-IR and XRD results confirm the conversion of PU/PFA foam to RVC, with a carbon yield of ~44%. The XRD analyzes also show changes in the structural ordering of the RVC samples due to the different threshold times, due to the probable expulsion of heteroatoms still present in the carbon material structure. The electrical conductivity measurements corroborate this observation, with a significant increase after 8 h of threshold (from 1.71 x 10-1 to 1.17 x 104 S.cm-1), as a consequence of the decrease of defects in the RVC structure. The micrographs show the alveolar structure of the PU/PFA foam, rich in transport pores, which are preserved in the RVC after carbonization.

Abstract Polymer compatibilizer agents are crucial for industrial materials development. Compatibilizer agents may be prepared by melt-grafting in the reactive extrusion process which is cheaper and environmentally friendly. Maleic anhydride-grafted acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS-g-MA) has emerged as a relevant compatibilizer agent for immiscible blends, like polycarbonate (PC)/ABS. In this work, ABS-g-MA was prepared by a simple reactive extrusion process using ABS, maleic anhydride (MA) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO). The MA:BPO ratios of 1:0.5 and 1:1 varying the content of MA by 1, 2 and 5 wt% were investigated. The grafting reaction was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), grafted degree (GD%), thermal and rheological analysis. The effectiveness of the compatibilizer agent was evaluated in PC/ABS blends (70/30 and 85/15 blend ratios). The addition of 5 wt% of ABS-g-MA (5 MA:2.5 BPO) in the PC/ABS blends promoted an expressive reduction of ABS domain sizes and better dispersion in the PC matrix.

RESUMO O desenvolvimento de compósitos poliméricos reforçados com fibras naturais tem recebido grande destaque como tecnologia alternativa para o processamento de novos materiais que proporcionem um menor impacto ambiental, associado a uma baixa densidade, biodegradabilidade e propriedades mecânicas interessantes.Fibras naturais provenientes do coco verde apresentam, devido à sua composição química, maior rigidez e resistência mecânica comparada a outras fibras vegetais. Porém, fibras vegetais possuem uma baixa interação com a matriz polimérica, em virtude de seu caráter hidrofílico quando comparado à matriz polimérica, hidrofóbica. Neste trabalho, fibras de coco (FC) foram tratadas quimicamente por extração alcalina com hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) e mecanicamente utilizando uma ponteira ultrassônica em meio aquoso, e a técnica para averiguar os efeitos dos tratamentos nas fibras foi a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Compósitos de polietileno de baixa densidade (LDPE) com diferentes teores de fibra de coco (5 e 10% m/m) foram preparados por mistura no estado fundido, utilizando um homogeneizador de alta rotação (DRAIS), seguido por prensagem a quente e estampagem para preparação de corpos de prova. Os compósitos de LDPE/FC foram caracterizados quanto às propriedades térmicas (calorimetria exploratória diferencial – DSC), mecânicas (ensaio de tração uniaxial e ensaio de dureza), características morfológicas (MEV) e de superfície (teste de ângulo de contato). O teor de fibra em massa exerceu influência nas propriedades mecânicas, de forma que um aumento do teor de fibra de coco em massa reduz ligeiramente a resistência à tração e provoca um aumento em torno de 100% no valor do módulo elástico do compósito. Por meio dos resultados obtidos por MEV e ângulo de contato, ambos os tratamentos se mostraram eficientes, porém sugerindo melhor eficiência no tratamento via extração alcalina.

ABSTRACT The development of polymer composites reinforced with natural fibers have gained attention as alternative technology for the processing of new material that provide a lower environmental impact, associated with lower density, biodegradability and interesting mechanical properties. Natural fibers that come from the green coconut have higher stiffness and mechanical resistance when compared with other natural fibers, considering its chemical composition. Although, natural fibers show a weak interaction with the polymer matrix, due to its hydrophilicity when compared to the matrix, hydrophobic. In this work, coconut fibers (CF) were chemically treated by alkalization with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and mechanically treated by ultrasound in aqueous media. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/CF composites were prepared with different contents ofcoconut fiber (5 and 10 wt%), in the molten state using a homogenizer with high rotation (DRAIS) and stamping for the preparation of the specimens. The treated fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the LDPE/FC composites were characterized according to the thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry - DSC), mechanical properties (tensile tests) and morphology (SEM). From the results obtained, it can be concluded that no significant change was observed with the different treatments for composites with 5 wt% of CF compared to the neat LDPE. The best results of mechanical resistance noticedon composites with 5 wt% of CF when compared with composites with 10 wt% of CF. The ultrasound treatment demonstrated the best performance. The crystallization degree of the neat LDPE was not affected by the presence of the coconut fibers, although there was a good interaction and adhesion between the CF and thepolymer matrix.

Abstract Antistatic packaging is a very important sector since the electrostatic discharge of electronic devices can damage and/or disable these products. In addition, it is essential to dispose of this packaging correctly. In this work, the synergistic effect of the addition of lignin and carbon black on the development of antistatic and biodegradable packaging was verified. In this study, PLA was mixed with lignin and carbon black and the composites were prepared using a high-speed thermokinetic homogenizer where the melting of the PLA and the blend with fillers occurred by friction. The composites were characterized by Izod impact tests, scanning electron microscopy, thermal properties, electrical characterization and biodegradation tests in garden soil. The results show that lignin is a great option to accelerate the biodegradation of PLA in the garden soil and the carbon black acts as an antistatic agent reducing the electrical resistivity of the composites.

In this study, chitosan hydrogels were produced with 0, 2, 4 and 6 wt% of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using hexahydrate zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O) as a catalyst for chitosan crosslinking reaction. CNC´s size was estimated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and surface charge by zeta potential. Hydrogels were characterized by rotational rheometer, swelling test, uniaxial compression test, in vitro degradation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microtomography. Results showed that zinc nitrate and CNC addition did not influence mechanical properties, degradation, and morphology of the hydrogels. However, zinc nitrate decreased 36.54% of the gel time and 41.37% of the swelling degree, and increased the crosslinking degree of the chitosan hydrogels, proving not only its catalytic effect but also its participation in the crosslinking reaction. Porosity was slightly reduced after addition of zinc nitrate and incorporation of CNC. In the mechanism of crosslinking reaction, a competition between CNC and zinc nitrate was observed.

In this work, polyaniline (PANI) in emeraldine-base form, synthesized by chemical oxidation polymerization, was protonated with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Composites based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear-low density polyethylene (LLDPE) blends with PANI were prepared in molten condition using a torque rheometer. The effect of compatibilizer agent (maleic anhydride-grafted high density polyethylene, HDPE-g-MA) and different contents of PANI on the blends-based composites was also investigated. Thermal, mechanical, and electromagnetic (electric permittivity) measurements and morphological aspects of the composites were evaluated. The addition of PANI content in the composites decreases the degree of crystallinity of HDPE and LLDPE blends, which implies that PANI particles make it difficult for co-crystallization to occur in the HDPE and LLDPE, respectively. On the other hand, the addition of compatibilizer agent in the HDPE and LLDPE blends increased the degree of crystallinity. The complex parameters of permittivity in the frequency range of 8.2 to 12.4 GHz varied as a function of the PANI content in the blend. It was also observed that the compatibilizer agent increased the composite stiffness and decreased the electric permittivity values. This result shows that the increasing rigidity of the molecular structure of the polyethylene matrix hindered the dissipation of the electromagnetic energy in the sample.

Blends of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and different contents (0, 10, 20 and 30 wt%) of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) with and without maleic anhydride-grafted LLDPE (LLDPE-g-MA) were prepared by melt blending and aging resistance, thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated. The degree of crystallinity increases with the content of LLDPE in the blends. On the other hand, the addition of compatibilizer agent modifies the crystallinity and the crystallite size. Non-compatibilized blends have excellent impact resistance properties and the addition of LLDPE-g-MA aids processing but decrease the impact resistance of the blends. Thermal and mechanical properties were greatly affected by thermal and water aging. The thermal aging leads to an increase in the degree of crystallinity and consequent a decrease in impact resistance.

In recent years, the consumption of plastics has been increasing and as consequence, the waste generated has also increased. Rubber tire (RT) waste is another residue which causes significant problems to society. In view of the considerable amounts of RT waste generated, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the incorporation of RT particles into post-consumer thermoplastic matrices such as polypropylene (PP), high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and PP/HIPS blends and the modification of the physical, morphological, rheological and mechanical properties. The particle sizes of the RT used were <500 and 500-1000 μm. The RT content was 10% w/w and the weight ratio for the PP/HIPS blend was 4/1, with processing by injection molding. The results showed that the smaller (500 μm) particle size led to a decrease in the melt flow rate (MFR) of the PP/RT composites (increased viscosity) and an increase for the HIPS/RT composites. On the other hand, the larger particles (1000 μm) led to a decrease in the mechanical performance of the PP/RT and HIPS/RT blends when compared with the neat polymers (PP and HIPS post-consumer). The observed decrease in the mechanical properties of these composites was due to weak filler/matrix interactions, which can be visualized in images by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fracture surface after tensile testing.